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The city of animal cells
Added Sep 26, 2013
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this is an animal this is also an animal animal animal animal carcass animal animal animal carcass again animal that all of these other things have in common is that they're made out of the same basic building block the animal cell animals are made up of your run-of-the-mill eukaryotic cells call eukaryotic because they have a true colonel in the Greek a good nucleus that contains the DNA and calls the shots for the rest of the cell also containing a bunch of Oregon a bunch of different kinds of organelles in they all have very specific functions in all this is surrounded by the cell membrane course plants are eukaryotic cells to set up a little bit different course they have organelles that allow them to make their own food which is super nice we don't have those and also their cell membrane is actually cell walls made of cellulose its rigid which is why plants if you want to know about plant cells we did a whole video on it and you can click on it here if it's online yet it might not be a lot of the stuff in this video is going to apply to all eukaryotic cell which includes plants and fungi and protists that's cool and all but one of the reasons have been so successful is that they're flexible membrane in addition to allowing the ability to dance gives animals the flexibility create a bunch of different cell types and organ types and tissue types that could never be possible in a plant cell that protect plants and give them should prevent them from evolving complicated nerve structures in muscle cells that allow animals to be such a powerful force for you no eating plants shelter in food find things to mate with all that good stuff back the ability to move oneself around using specialized muscle tissue has been 100% trademarked by Kingdom anime what about protozoans excellent point what about protozoans that they don't have special as muscle tissue they move around with cilia and flagella in that kind of thing back in 1665 British scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells with his kind of crude beta version microscope he called themselves because they looked like bear Spartan monks bedrooms with not much going on inside but have been more wrong about what was going on inside of a cell can eukaryotic cells more like a city than among cell in fact let's go with that A cell is like a city it has Divine geographical limits of ruling government power plants roads waste tree plants of police force industry all the things booming Metropolis needs to run smoothly have one of those pleadings and crap like that nope think fascist Italy cerca a 1938 fit Kim Jong il's I mean Kim Jeong Hoon North Korea and you might be getting closer idea of how eukaryotic cells Christmas let's start out with City Limits opolis there's a chance that you will notice something that traditional City never has which is either cilia or yellow or the other of the structure being a bunch of tiny little arms that wiggle around for Java being one long whip-like tail from cells for instance have flagella and our lungs and throat cells have cilia that push mucus up and out of our lungs cilia and flagella are made out of long protein fibers called microtubules and they both same basic structure nine pairs of microtubules forming a ring around to Central microtubules this is often called the nine plus two structure anyway that's just so you know when you're approaching the play watch out for the Cilia and flagella if you make it past the Cilia you will encounter what is called a cell membrane which is a kind of squishy not rigid plant cell which totally enclosed the city and all of its contents it's also in charge of monitoring what comes in and out of the cell kind of like the fascist Border Police the cell membrane has selective permeability meaning that it can choose what molecules come in and out of the cells for the most part and I did an entire video on this I would you can check out right here the landscape eukaryopolis important to note is a kind of wet and Squishy of swampland eukaryotic cell is filled with a solution of water and nutrients called cyto something inside of the cytoplasm the scaffolding called the cytoskeleton it's basically just a bunch of protein strands that reinforce the centrosomes are special part of this reinforcement they Assemble long microtubules out of proteins that act like steel girders that hold all the cities buildings together all the organelles to do all of them business with the notable exception of the nucleus which has its own kind of cytoplasm called the nucleoplasm what does it more luxurious premium environment fitting Michelle's beloved leader highway system members of the same as in the cell membrane there two types of er the rough in the smooth fairly similar but slightly different shapes slender different functions the rough ER all bumpy because it has ribosomes attached to it in the smooth ER doesn't so it's a smooth network of tubes Smoothie Factory Warehouse in the city it contains enzymes creation of important lipid what you'll recall from our talk about biological molecules and phospholipids and steroids that turn out to be sex hormones other enzymes in the smooth ER pause in detox fine substance like noxious stuff drive from drugs and alcohol which they do by adding a carboxyl group to them making them soluble in water final smoothie are also stores sounds and solutions that the cell may need later on especially sodium ions which are used for energy and muscle cells smooth ER helps make lipids while the rough ER helps in the packaging of proteins proteins are created by another type of organelle the ribosomes can float freely throughout the cytoplasm or be attached to the nuclear envelope which is where their spot out from and their job is to assemble amino acids into polypeptides and amino acid chain the chain is pushed into the Er When the protein chain is complete the ER pinches it off and sends it to the Golgi apparatus and the City of the Golgi is the post office processing Pro change the packaging in them up before sending them wherever they need to go make sound like a bit of complicated Machinery which kind of is because it's made up what do stacks of membranous layers that are sometimes called Golgi bodies the Golgi bodies can cut up large proteins into smaller hormones and can you combine proteins with carbon lights to make various molecules like for instance it's not the bodies package these little goodies into sacs called vesicles which have phospholipid walls just like the main cell membrane then ship them either to other parts of the cell or outside the cell wall we learn more about how vesicles do this in the next episode of Crash Course the Golgi bodies also put the finishing touches on the lysosomes are basically the waste treatment plants in recycling centers of the city enzymes that break down outside of a cell and turn it into simple compounds which are transferred into the cytoplasm as new cell building materials the nucleus is it highly specialized working out of that lives and its own double membrane high-security compound with its buddy the nucleolus and within the cell the nucleus is in barge in a major way because it stores the cell's DNA it has all the information the cell needs to do with job so the nucleus makes all the laws for the city or the other Mel's round telling them how to grow what the metabolize what proteins to synthesize how and when to divide nucleus does all this by using the information blueprinted and its DNA to build pro that will facilitate a specific job getting done for instance on January 1st 2012 let's say a liver cell needs to help break find entire bottle of champagne in that liver cell would start telling the cell to make alcohol dehydrogenase which is the enzyme that makes alcohol not alcohol anymore this protein synthesis business is complicated lucky for you we will have or may already have an entire video about how it happens precious DNA along with some proteins and web like substance called a chromatin when it comes time for the cell to split the chromatin gathers into rod-shaped chromosomes age of holds DNA molecules different species of animals have different numbers of chromosomes we humans have 46 fruit flies veg Hogs which are adorable but you know komplex them humans have 90 of the nucleolus which lives inside of the nucleus is the only organelle not enveloped by its own membrane it's just a gooey splat stuff within the nucleus is creating ribosomal RNA or rrna what did then combines with some proteins to form the basic units of ribosomes what's these unit the nucleolus spits them out of the nuclear envelope where they are fully assembled into ribosomes various tensions orders in the form of messenger RNA or mRNA those ribosomes which are the henchmen that carry out the orders in the rest of the cell exactly the ribosomes do this is immensely complex and awesome pawsome in fact that we're going to give it the full crash course treatment and entire episode and now for what is totally objectively speaking of course the coolest parts of the animals its power plants the mitochondria the smooth oblong organelles where the amazing and super important process of respiration takes place is where energy is derived from carbohydrates fats and other fuels and disc converted into adenosine triphosphate or ATP which is my the main currency that drives life in Marriott learn more about ATP and respiration an episode that we did on that like muscle cells or neurons need a lot more power than the average cancel those cells have a lot more mitochondria for sale that may be the coolest thing about mitochondria is that long ago animal cells didn't have them but they listed as their own sort of bacterial cell and one day one of these things ended up inside of an animal cell probably because the animal cell was trying to eat it but instead of eating it realize that this thing was really super smart and good at turning food into energy and it just kept it it stayed around and this day they sort of act like they're separate organisms like they do their own thing within the cell they they replicate themselves they even contain a small amount of DNA even more awesome mitochondria are in the egg cell when an egg gets fertilized might have DNA play the father it's just the mother's mitochondrial DNA that means that you're and my mitochondrial DNA is exactly the same as the mitochondrial DNA of our mother and because this special DNA isolated in this way scientist can actually track back and back and back and back to a single mitochondrial eve who lived about 200,000 years ago and Africa that complication in mystery and beauty and one of the cells of your body complicated yes but worth understanding somewhat complicated episode of Crash Course biology if you want to go back and watch any of the stuff that we talked about it to reinforcing in your brain if you didn't quite get it just click on the links and take you back in time to when I was talking about that mirror minutes ago thank you for watching if you have questions for us please ask Below in the comments or on Twitter or on Facebook and we will do our best to make things more clear for you will see next
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Phuong Nguyen
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